ai the man with the saxophone poem

Hughes subtly puts the story in a historical context by telling the reader that the musician, Roy Williams, landed in New York on the day that Hoover drove the veterans out of Washington.. Within ten or fifteen minutes, he had written the poem. Ai seems to understand that single events of human history, whether involving John F. Kennedy or a nameless prostitute, are the hinges upon which the world turns and are therefore possibilities for the heart to turn in a different direction. It was called everything from a masterpiece to doggerel. 2008 eNotes.com Regardless, his lesson is that humankind is on a relentless search for annihilation and has finally stumbled upon the mechanism for it. Ai explained her use of the dramatic monologue as an early realization that "first person voice was always the stronger voice to use when writing." Her poems depict individuals that Duane Ackerson characterized in Contemporary Women Poets as "people seeking transformation, a rough sort of salvation, through violent acts." by. He wrote an essay once in which he likened country music and blues to conversation, classical music to the voice of God, and jazz to prayer. They bleed light all over us Examines Ais biographical roots and compares them to the subjects of her poems. For example, Alice Walkers first short story was published in Hughess The Best Short Stories by Negro Writers (1967). Then she robs him and considers the possibilities available to her. Over the years, he became a host, a slam master for competition, and the person setting up chairs and testing sound . Tyrone Williams. Hughes also uses onomatopoeia in the thumps of the mans foot on the floor. Despite Hughess diversity, he is primarily known for his poetry and short stories rather than for his plays, novels, anthologies, or translations. She has received awards from the Guggenheim Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts, and various universities; she has also been a frequent reader-performer of her work. First published: 1926 (collected in Fine Clothes to the Jew, 1927). He cares about people and justice and integrity. If there are two dates, the date of publication and appearance But where are we going to be, and why, and who? The work blends jazz, blues, and poetry into powerful lyric poetry. Naturally, the quality of the work varies. endstream endobj 106 0 obj <>stream In addition, many of Hughess books, such as A Negro Looks at Soviet Central Asia (1934), Famous American Negroes (1954), Famous Negro Music Makers (1955), The First Book of Negroes (1952), and Famous Negro Heroes of America (1958), focus on race. Ed. believing ourselves toward all we have tried to become -- just and compassionate, equal, able, and free. Ai is known for her mastery of the dramatic monologue as a poetic form, as well as for taking on dark, controversial topics in her work. A man with a saxophone stands on the corner of two streets, his fingerless gloves caked with dirt. Data from students who tested in June are not yet available. In the title poem of Dread, for instance, Shirley Herlihy describes her life as a police officer in the aftermath of the World Trade Center bombing. He wonders how such a boy learns how to swing in such a way that the tree clearly doesnt come down to the ground, he climbs carefully and keeps his poise. The poem is written in Blank verse which means metrical sentences without any rhyme scheme. 105 0 obj <>stream Ai Ogawa was born in 1947, a time when the racial segregation was still a big part in the lives of many Americans. I was always motivated/ by a ferocious need to know, he says, and like a good scientist, he discovers that the truth is always changing. What is the application of postcolonialism criticism to "Games at Twilight"? First published: 1934 (collected in The Ways of White Folks, 1934). Like the Eye of a Horse. Ms. 2 (June, 1974): 41. "The Poetry of Ai - Fellowships and Awards" Literary Essentials: African American Literature He has lived and taught poetry in Chile and Mexico. Similarly, The Testimony of J. Robert Oppenheimer, one of the poems collected in Vice, presents a man fooled by the world in which he was reared, a man who believed that William Blake had been right about the relationship between art and science: As a boy, he had believed in science as a pure investigation into truth, uncontaminated by values or ethics, that could simply discover the truth and present it to the world. He played it in college, as a member of a "moderately successful jazz group.". -What were Brave Orchid's thoughts ab/ her son the soldier? We know the sound of all the sounds we brought. Still another attempt to explain Ais excesses so that they might fit in the contemporary canon. In these poems, Ai takes on big questions that govern the world. Hughes concludes that he no doubt changed a few words the next day, or maybe crossed out a line or two.. The last date is today's The passage starts by portraying a desolate tone through the dreary diction of the speaker. Who can say how except in the minds of those who will call it Now? Ai sees in her personas the possibility of presenting universal tendencies and effects of both the living and the dead. They look like heaps of broken glass and their sharp sound of crashing makes one think as if the inner dome of heaven has fallen. Continue with Recommended Cookies. Then, in a well-written essay, analyze how Ai uses literary elements and techniques to convey the complexity of the speaker's encounter with the saxophone Even though Williamss mother offers him real food when he arrives home, he cannot eat. Oceola and Mrs. Ellsworth also hold different views of art. They took issue with the fact that there was no option to toggle back-and-forth between questions on the online exams to review prior responses, a feature that the College Board said was intended to deter cheating. Stanza 4 the layers of clothes welded to his skin. Some commentators on American poetry believe her pseudonym to be the sound of a cry, such as those uttered by many of her personas; critic Hayden Carruth suggests that her name means love in Japanese (Ai has described herself as one-half Japanese). He wrote operettas, and many of his poems were set to music. He feels heartsick at the wealth he sees squandered in the nightclubs where he performs. The dialogue is rhythmic and poetic, and section 3 reads more like poetry than prose. The public bought and liked The Negro Mother. Mrs. Ellsworth is pleased when Pete goes to medical school and leaves Oceola to her music. Oceola has come to play for Mrs. Ellsworth one final time before Mrs. Ellsworth leaves for Europe. It is the best alternative the poet can put forward on the face of lifes hardships and he says that one could do worse than be a swinger of birches.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[250,250],'englishsummary_com-leader-2','ezslot_9',660,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-englishsummary_com-leader-2-0'); Read 10 important questions about the poem Birches by Robert Frost. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'englishsummary_com-banner-1','ezslot_4',657,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-englishsummary_com-banner-1-0'); Climbing to the top of the birches is like filling a cup carefully up to the brim and even above the brim which is very vulnerable to slip out yet it can be achieved. The subject matter itself was also a gold mine for memes. Could anyone alive survive it? It was a bitter cold day, as yesterday was, and the wind tugged at the pages of his composition. Ai considers herself as "simply a writer" rather than a spokesperson for any particular group. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'englishsummary_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',654,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-englishsummary_com-medrectangle-3-0'); The poet minutely observes how the rising breeze cracks the glazed surface made over the birches by snow. Mrs. Ellsworth believes they are. What began as an experiment in that voice became the only voice in which I wrote for about twenty years. It's history can be traced back over 150 years. The poem, often referred to as a heritage poem, is highly lyrical, employing both a regular rhyme scheme (couplets) and meter. The poem is written in Blank verse which means metrical sentences without any rhyme scheme. What is an analysis of "Games at Twilight"? The pope is no different from any other man; Marilyn Monroe had nothing that other women lack. "Earth is the birth of the blues," sang Yellow Bertha, as she chopped cotton beside Mama Rose. Predictably, the fifty-cent seats at the front of the church are occupied by whites, and the twenty-five-cent seats in back are occupied by blacks. Essay #1: Analysis of Ais poem The Man with the Saxophone, 98% of students earned one or more of the evidence/commentary points, 7% of students earned the sophistication point, Essay #2: Analysis of an excerpt from Wintons, 93% of students earned one or more of the evidence/commentary points, 6% of students earned the sophistication point, 95% of students were able to earn one or more of the evidence/commentary points, 5% of students earned the sophistication point. She is the author of Dread (W. W. Norton & Co., 2003); Vice (1999), which won the National Book Award for Poetry; Greed (1993); Fate (1991); Sin (1986), which won an American Book Award from the Before Columbus Foundation; Killing Floor (1979), which was the 1978 Lamont Poetry Selection of the Academy of American Poets; and Cruelty (1973). 2006 eNotes.com Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like " Woman Warrior" -Main character? -plates, The Language of Composition: Reading, Writing, Rhetoric, Lawrence Scanlon, Renee H. Shea, Robin Dissin Aufses, Edge Reading, Writing and Language: Level C, David W. Moore, Deborah Short, Michael W. Smith. Her subjects transcend the most common concerns of that canon, and her style, as it has developed, incorporates a flat, almost emotionless tone, regardless of her subject matterno matter how beautiful or how hideous. The psychedelic clown made a lot of cameos. Poems are the property of their respective owners. The saxophone is the poet's preferred instrument. I don't want to hear. Birches is a poem written by the American poet Robert Frost. ;PAfm+!#$p;{Pc]q>N${.K&f. KrM$-7f}Ni7F !myc#CqNG2K);\/. First published: 1921 (collected in The Poems, 1921-1940, 2001). Tyrone Williams. Ai's first two books of poetry, Cruelty (1973) and Killing Floor, pose the world as a mechanistic, terrible accident in which horrors are to be expected. All rights reserved. Hughes says in his introduction to The Best of Simple (1961), that people tell him they have known his characters. ", 10 Brilliant Banned Books by Black Authors, Organizers are Getting Banned Books to DeSantis's Florida, "Black history and radical ideas cannot be censored! :vM57mzZ-YNVb(h=GpLt=f#@ krBfK-/%0SxBkJv:j R UF|`y|0 we'll take note of desire, climb a set. So far, no. -mom and daughter This idea is explored in Ai's "The Man With the Saxophone" as it conveys the complexities of the speaker's encounter with the Saxophone player through vivid imagery, symbolism, and poetic diction. $6.00. Stay up-to-date with the politics team. He never suspected what he was to learn, the secrets of the atomic bomb that was to be attributed to his name. A jazz and classical pianist is forced by her white patron to choose between love and art. He writes lucidly about these matters. 2023 Cond Nast. A free-response question about finches on the Galpagos island referenced a hybrid lineage of the species that came to be known as Big Bird. Hughes said that the poem is about white fathers and Negro mothers in the South.. The central character, Oceola Jones, is a young black music teacher, herself a gifted jazz and classical musician with insufficient time and money to pursue her art. Oceola argues that music and sexuality and children are not incompatible. Ed. to the stars, captivating souls. The very realistic description of losing amidst the wood and climbing a birch becomes metaphorical. He does it when he is tired of life and its hard decisions which one needs to make. Career After the brutal sketch of the white father, the voice of the white mans white son renounces the mixed-blood boy: Naw, you aint my brother./ Niggers aint my brother./ Not ever./ Niggers aint my brother. Racism has pitted father against son and brother against brother. Art does not, as Hughes points out often in his writing, integrate people socially. The author comes face to face with the subjects of Ais work: rape, sodomy, death, drowning, all in relation to the contemporary world. Ice storms bend them down to stay. What method was used to expand the right of African Americans to participate in the democratic process after the Civil War? After all, she never cost much in the past, but now, with two combs in her hair and a gun in her belt, who knows what she can do? 4 (Summer, 1979): 566-569. Other critics see elements of ballads and spirituals in The Weary Blues. Oddly enough, several early critics praise The Negro Speaks of Rivers for the same qualities they condemn in The Weary Blues. In response, later critics have suggested that these critical comments were biased by the themes of the poems. Williams becomes increasingly ill and has difficulty sleeping, so he goes on late-night walks, on which he is sometimes formally dressed. The Circuit: Stories from the Life of a Migrant Child. In the poem, "The Man with the Saxophone", author Ai utilizes shifting tones from empty and desolate to joyful and welcome to portray the immediate uplifting ability of the saxophone player on the speaker. A different version of her Blue Suede Shoes, titled Blue Suede Shoes: A Fiction, is included in Sin (1986), as is The Mothers Tale., Ais reading adds a terrible beauty to the brutal poem The Kid, in which she takes on the persona of a fourteen-year-old boy who murders his entire family. Ai, who has described herself as Japanese, Choctaw-Chickasaw, Black, Irish, Southern Cheyenne, and Comanche, was born in Albany, Texas in 1947, and she grew up in Tucson . The citation above will include either 2 or 3 dates. Forch, Carolyn. Kevin Scott, Microsoft's chief technology officer, told Roose in an interview that his conversation was "part of . 19 (May 19, 1979): 578. Williams makes his living as director of the University of Arkansas' press. Ais device is always the voice of the person speaking, of the person brutalized, of the person drawn down to a level of bestiality and shame. What were Langston Hughes' major contributions to American Literature? First published: 1923 (collected in The Poems, 1921-1940, 2001). Lately, though, I've been writing poems and short stories using the second person, without, it seems to me, any diminution in the power of my work. Clearly, Ai is skillful at manipulating words and at drawing readers into poems about a multiplicity of subjects. Access our Data Privacy Principles, Privacy Statement, and Program-Specific Privacy Policies here. Unlike The Negro Speaks of Rivers, however, The Weary Blues received greatly mixed reviews from both black and white critics. The next two rounds of tests, which are offered both in school and at home, stretch from May 18-28 and June 1-11. Sentenced to Despair. The Washington Post Book World, March 11, 1979, F2. While Mrs. Ellsworth loves to hear Oceola play classical music, Mrs. Ellsworth increasingly dislikes the jazz and blues, which in her view represent Oceolas unsublimated soul. In Oceolas final attempt to make Mrs. Ellsworth connect, she plays the blues and tells Mrs. Ellsworth that the music is both sad and gay, white and black, man and woman. publication online or last modification online. For example, in Simple Prays a Prayer, he becomes embittered by the insensitivity of American white society and concludes, I hope He [God] smites white folks down! Yet he adds, I hope he lets Mrs. Roosevelt alone.. Page illustrates the life of a landlady and how her actions result in her playing multiple roles in the lives of her boarders. It floats the way your head would, In the opening line, the narrator addresses her children. Start your 48-hour free trial to get access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts. The net result for this years AP English Literature Exams is that out of 120 points possible, the digital exams proved slightly easier than the paper, so to adjust for that variation in difficulty: To receive a 5 on the digital versions, students needed to earn 15 more points (depending on the difficulty of the version) than students who took the paper exam. Students abilities on such questions are sky high, a real testament to the ways teachers have helped students practice and become proficient at analyzing details about characters in texts. Want more from Teen Vogue? If lessons may be learned, however, they are not guaranteed. 2023 , Last Updated on May 5, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. We and our partners use cookies to Store and/or access information on a device. Students scored exceptionally well on questions asking them to analyze character or setting (Big Ideas 1 and 2), or to recognize the function of a particular character (Skill category 1). She then moved to Oklahoma State University in Stillwater, Oklahoma, where she became a professor of English as well as serving as the vice president of the Native American Faculty and Staff Association. Though the jazz syncopation in Mulatto is not so evident as it is in Hughess later poems, the musical quality of the poem marks it as distinctly Hughess. How does it feel to be dead? She ignores me as I walk around it, Yesterday, from the steps of the Capitol in Washington, he read a new poem, written for the occasion of the second inauguration of his friend, Bill Clinton. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. Word Count: 274. Preview of Spotify. What that means is, if it's not useful, it's not worth anything -- useful in the most direct sense of solving a problem at hand. He reminds us how on a sunny winter morning, we can often see birches loaded with ice after a rain. "We are still living to a great degree with a frontier, or John Wayne, mentality. She suggests in some of the poems that to give oneself up to another completelyby voice, by body, by relationship, by poetrywould constitute a kind of suicide. The organization told Teen Vogue it also removed its per-exam cancellation fee and offered full refunds to students who feel unprepared to test. His own favorites are John Donne, Emily Dickinson, Howard Nemerov and John Ciardi. 2023 , Last Updated on May 5, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. Word Count: 563. The poet describes the hard skills of climbing a tree when a twig occasionally bruises against ones eye causing it to weep. Awards quickly followed. The work blends jazz, blues, and poetry into powerful lyric poetry. What is a summary of Langston Hughes' short story "Berry"? Gradually, Mrs. Ellsworth begins talking aloud to herself and admonishing Oceolas choice to marry. Mulatto, written by Langston Hughes in the summer of 1926, appeared both in The Saturday Review of Literature and in Fine Clothes to the Jew (1927), a collection of Hughess work. Mrs. Ellsworth is firmly entrenched in white society. "My writing of dramatic monologues was a happy accident, because I took so much to heart the opinion of my first poetry teacher, Richard Shelton, the fact that the first person voice was always the stronger voice to use when writing. date the date you are citing the material. Give an example of pump priming in Still, Hughess point about labels is well taken; writers create their art from what they know, and Hughes believed his writing would illuminate truths about all humanity. /:Qs)P`ZCK}4$lD,Z$Ntgzmk>s\5KT+\~:~SV Vw>!W# Le- Nck87M5mT!:%3L MR&qwznO}ia@jseF`h >|tafG;1_Qb&m6&|=tu/\ -gd~UdUwnK3aJ+@P'#GTnDgGO-%qlw%B~n */D=]vXsVu;Z!HM: cd9sV c+,Yd%)b Xgg!xF}@CjTi7v{ZsY{qI M~^3g|\1>D6?i.[V8s y! Ais first two books of poetry, Cruelty (1973) and Killing Floor, pose the world as a mechanistic, terrible accident in which horrors are to be expected. Added an answer on September 5, 2022 at 4:30 pm. Still, Hughes says that the roaring voices and scuffing feet of the lynch mob are split by the moonlight into a thousand notes like a Beethoven sonata. The final allusion to Beethovens Moonlight Sonata speaks to something enduring, perhaps the same vision in the final lines of Hughess The Negro Mother (1931): Oh, my dark children, may my dreams and myprayersImpel you forever up the great stairsFor I will be with you till no white brotherDares keep down the children of the Negromother. date the date you are citing the material. He likes to hear it. The second is the date of The writing of Sin was further augmented by receipt of an Ingram Merrill Foundation grant and an Emergency Fund for Writers award from the International Association of Poets, Playwrights, Editors, Essayists, and Novelists. In "Games at Twilight," how does Desai make us feel sympathy for Ravi? -What's the speaker's likely heritage? I'm going out and get something. of each person. When the tree cant bear him anymore, itll dip its top and bring him down to the ground again. Albers, Randall. Hughes was sorry about the break, but he realized that their views of the roles of black artists were too incompatible to resolve. Lightning hits the roof, shoves the knife, darkness, deep in the walls. Used by permission of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. And when you open your mouth, a ball of yellow light falls to the floor and burns a hole through it. Ai builds her poems from book to book, from monstrous acts by unnamed characters to similar acts by people familiar to her readers. Whose law was never so much of the hand as the head cannot let chaos make its way to the heart. Swifties, the AP Gov exam is your time to shine. No one looks forward to Advanced Placement (AP) exam season. So far, no Republican president has called upon a poet to memorialize in verse his ascent to power. Sometimes Arnold looked (pathetic, pathetically) in his neatly buttoned clothes. ; :E W1;nV=gs~+BE!SHk,hr|>W&9$zkxG~_5&e` C{m0+p^z7]Y S*wbIN)fCBG4P$aby>|$&\ The night is warm. We might be. In the final scene of the story, the conflict culminates in Mrs. Ellsworths music room, a luxurious room adorned with lilies in priceless Persian vases. Already a member? Ed. The final section is cacophonous, as the mob destroys Williams. And by the time he had brought all the components together-the serpentine shape, the single reed, the fit of the fingers, the upward tilt of the golden bell- it was already 1842, and one gets the feeling Mulatto, written after Hughess journey to Africa, seems a sort of synthesis in his treatment of the family destroyed by the deformed values of racism. As Twitter user @PEEBSIE put it, WHO is a liberalism and why are they in 1800s india.. "It's not something I can put my finger on. Five A.M. 'Dear John, Dear Coltrane' by Michael S. Harper is a four- stanza poem that is written in free verse. The disenfranchised dead want to know. Her point is that the anonymous and the famous are the same. Who dreamed for every child an even chance cannot let luck alone turn doorknobs or not. He gives a strong statement that Earth is the right place for love. Ai, who has described herself as Japanese, Choctaw-Chickasaw, Black, Irish, Southern Cheyenne, and Comanche, was born in Albany, Texas in 1947, and she grew up in Tucson, Arizona. The story, anthologized in The Ways of White Folks (1934), deals honestly with the futility of a black artist trying to survive in such an environment. Ais Killing Floor. Chicago Review 30, no. Hughes concludes the image by extinguishing the performance, the stars, and the moon but showing that the blues remain an integral part of the man: The stars went out and so did the moon.The singer stopped playing and went to bedWhile the Weary Blues echoed through his head.He slept like a rock or a man thats dead. The College Board said it was also taking steps this year to address the socioeconomic disparities exacerbated by remote learning, such as loaning personal devices to those who dont have their own. We smile at each other and I lean back against the wicker couch. Ai awakened critics to her work in 1973 with poems that treat such subjects as murder, suicide, sexual and physical violence, whoring, and simple lusts. date the date you are citing the material. The poem has been acclaimed for Hughess passionate acceptance of his race, his combination of lyric and epic, his embracing of heritage, and his reclaiming of black origins. _____The concerned and caring youth group gave food items to anyone who needed them. Start your 48-hour free trial to get access to more than 30,000 additional guides and more than 350,000 Homework Help questions answered by our experts. It was invented by a man named Antoine-Joseph (Adolphe) Sax, an expert instrument maker and musician. ", He said this in an interview on Jan. 12, at which time he had almost, but not quite, finished the lines he read yesterday for Bill Clinton and the rest of us. But nowhere is that more true than in AP Lit classes. He is often personal, but not sentimental. She won the National Book Award for Poetry for Vice. The early poems are about death, despair, suicide, and murder. These lines, under the title, "Of History and Hope," spoke of the future with none of the inflated certainty that such grand occasions as presidential inaugurations tend to stimulate in poets and politicians alike. She says we raised ourselves, yet, because of her brothers drinking and difficulty holding a job, Shirley often supported him financially. If we can truly remember, they will not forget. Williams is a genial man who speaks in the soft cadences of the Ozarks. About writing in the dramatic monologue form, she's said: "I want to take . Words, you say, young girls in a circle, holding hands, and beginning to rise heavenward in their confirmation dresses, like white helium balloons, the wreathes of flowers on their heads spinning, and above all that, that's where I'm floating, and that's what it's like only ten times clearer, ten times more horrible. Though the image of respect between the two musicians offers a lingering redemptive image, Hughes makes it clear that art can neither transform the mob nor protect the artist from racism. 4 Mar. First published: 1931 (collected in The Negro Mother, 1931). Several critics consider it the masterpiece of Fine Clothes to the Jew. I'm not asking for the definition of this word, but crave creativity and imagery. publication in traditional print. I don't care. He has lectured in Europe, Asia and Latin America. Note: When citing an online source, it is important to include all necessary dates. Oceola begins by playing classical music. endstream endobj 108 0 obj <>stream Ed. She said "Ai is the only name by which I wish, and indeed, should be known. Write a poem for contest 22 Words ~ Sax - JuddPrompt: Sax. 4 Mar. The Negro Speaks of Rivers is a succinct and powerful poem that ties black history to the rivers of the world. This is the first year Ive ever seen the poetry analysis essay receive the highest scores of any of the 3 essays, outpacing the prose analysis essay and, even more surprisingly, the readers choice literary argument essay. Ai moves from private, personal myth to a public myth that may have the capacity for salvation. I can also write it as an Egyptian Hieroglyph." 4 Mar. Even a comatose patient, the speaker of Sleeping Beauty: A Fiction, is fully aware of the violation that occurs when a hospital aide rapes her, sensing how he steals into her room to pay his furtive visits and prick her with the thorn of violence in a fairy tale that is more of a horror story and has no happy ending. Such a boy goes on bringing down the branches of birches by swinging on them one after another which looks like bringing the stiffness out of them. The child wants to know if the sailors have anything in English for him to read, and he longs to go to England. "In most other countries poetry is thought of as a manly art," says Williams. Yesterday we got the whole soup, salt and all. to the present. ?uv/`r %1{E)Mm@0[5uO"RJnQ@=^V ciMGZW/>K|c7&fRme$8sb68]x%%l61s!!SPhxWVG\ ?4:J 2023 , Last Updated on May 5, 2015, by eNotes Editorial. -How would you describe the style of this poem? There are allusions to it in his work. In ceremonies and silence we say the words, telling the stories, singing the old songs. To receive a 3 on the digital versions, students needed to earn 06 more points (depending on the difficulty of the version) than students who took the paper exam. As Bontemps acknowledged in a preface to Donald C. Dickinsons A Bio-Bibliography of Langston Hughes (1972), Hughes, because he earned his living by writing, had to be diverse and had to write books that would sell. This year's AP World History exam generated the fewest memes, with just a handful of gems available on TikTok. ]_R{G7_p2p'to*/M*{ Carruth places Ai in the poetic tradition from which she springs and attempts to explain her idiosyncratic style. Much of Ai's work was in the form of dramatic monologues. The poem begins like the poet is in a candid conversation. The time that they share is portrayed as better than the ice-encrusted world of heaven.