"A Dental Health Activity With Eggshells and Soda." This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. You dont have to choose between a clean mouth and a clean planet with these 10 eco-friendly toothbrushes, toothpastes, mouthwashes, and more. The fluoride debate: The pros and cons of fluoridation. Sodium bicarbonate (baking soda) is a household staple used primarily in baking and cleaning. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. For many users, the biggest downside of brushing with straight baking soda or a baking soda paste is that it doesnt taste very good. See the full instructions from ScienceBob here , Nick Uhas and David Dobrik stunned the internet with, Before their attempt, science YouTubers Mark Rober and ScienceBob did their own, If you want to replicate their attempt on a smaller scale at home, ScienceBob, A 16-ounce plastic soda or water bottle OR a bucket that size, A small cup to hold your yeast and at least 3 tablespoons of warm water. 0:12. Featured 04/16/2020 in wow. However, its important to note that fluoride toxicity is rare, and the risks are only a concern when a very large amount of fluoride is consumed. Access your favorite topics in a personalized feed while you're on the go. Most users see less plaque and, in turn, whiter-looking teeth after approximately four weeks of consistent use of baking soda toothpaste. Experiment with baking soda and Coca-Cola in a water tank #science #experiment When a recipe contains baking powder and baking soda, the baking powder does most of the leavening. It is an inexpensive way to whiten teeth, and it can reduce plaque and the risk of gingivitis (gum disease). However, it may take multiple brushings to remove stains thoroughly. [7][8] Experiments carried out at altitudes ranging from below sea level in Death Valley to the summit of Pikes Peak have demonstrated that the reaction works better at higher elevations. It's wise to be cautious when trying this on jewelry, as the acid in Coke can also strip paint and rust off metal if left long enough. If enough vinegar is used, all of the baking soda can be made to react and disappear into the vinegar solution. EXPERIMENT : MIX COCA COLA, VINEGAR, AND BAKING SODA Watch on Previous article Morin, Amanda. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Toothpastes containing baking soda have been shown to have antibacterial properties, which can help protect your teeth from decay. [16] In October 2010, a Guinness World Record of 2,865 simultaneous geysers was set at an event organized by Perfetti Van Melle at the SM Mall of Asia Complex, in Manila, Philippines. Thats why its a popular ingredient in many commercial toothpastes. ScienceBob suggests 10 drops of food coloring and about 1 tablespoon of liquid dish soap to make the foam colorful. You can clean with soda. When youre done, spit out the baking soda and rinse your mouth until your teeth are grit-free and shiny. Toothpaste and Coca-Cola Trick Doesn't Disappoint. [19], While Diet Coke and Mentos are the most common way to make a soda geyser, they are not the only options. How To Take STEM Exams: Tips From Experts, Winning Biology Science Fair Projects For All Grades, Chemistry Science Fair Projects: Winning Projects to Impress the Judges, Amaze the Crowd : Physics Science Fair Projects that will Wow the Judges, List Of Science Words That Start With Letter C. Start by talking to your child about good dental hygiene practices and how important it is to brush their teeth every day, making sure to explain how certain foods, drinks, and activities can stain and damage teeth. That's right, Coke can cut through those impossible-to-remove, caked-on bug remains from your car's windshield. Required fields are marked *. If not, you can easily find them at your local grocery store. A Russian YouTuber has taken the baking powder-soda experiment to a whole new level by mixing 10,000 litres of Coca-Cola with a huge quantity of baking soda. 2017;148(11S):S1-S3. A randomised controlled trial to evaluate the plaque removal efficacy of sodium bicarbonate dentifrices in a single brushing clinical model. (2017). Fluoride toxicity can cause pain, vomiting, diarrhea, kidney, and heart problems. How to Remove Nicotine Stains from Your Teeth, Best Ways to Keep Teeth White While Wearing Braces, The 11 Best Sustainable Oral Care Products. In another study, researchers found baking soda toothpaste users had reduced gum bleeding, gum inflammation, and plaque buildup after six months. What will happen if vinegar and baking soda mixed? YouTuber Maxim Monakhov, captured the incredible explosion that went viral on social media. This occurs because the salt overpowers the carbon dioxide and replaces it in the soda. How come our teeth becomes stained and turn into yellow colored?. O Super Reaction! The fluoride content in toothpaste keeps the eggshells safe from the acids present in black coffee and coke. Baking sodas texture may also make you feel as though you have sand in your mouth no ones favorite sensation. Erica Anand is a licensed dental specialist with experience in personalized dental content writing and blogging for corporate publications. Once the eggs have cooled, have your child put one in each cup and leave it overnight. But if you manage a compost pile, you likely make a trip to it anytime you clean out your refrigerator. The first is that, as reported in the Journal of Zhejiang University, the acid contained in soda, as well as the carbonation, has enormous potential to erode tooth enamel. In fact, one study reported that the acid and sugar in sodas can cause severe dental cariestooth decayand erode tooth enamel. The study found that drinking soda regularly over the course of seven years can severely decay the incisors and the canines and also cause some damage to the premolars and the molars. Cola isn't the only household item that can handle pavement oil stains either; dish soap or kitty litter will do the trick, too. That's why it's a popular ingredient in many commercial. However, some people use baking soda for health-related conditions, like soothing mouth sores, heartburn, and brushing teeth. Plaque is the result of constant consumption of artificial sweeteners. The phosphoric acid in Coca-Cola proves tough on oil stains around the garage. l "A four-week clinical study to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of a baking soda dentifrice and an antimicrobial dentifrice in reducing plaque", "The effect of sodium bicarbonate oral rinse on salivary pH and oral microflora: A prospective cohort study", "Stain removal and whitening by baking soda dentifrice". Eggshells are having the same material as of our tooth and bone composition. You can either pour cola directly onto the stains themselves or cover the entire inside of the bowl by putting cola into a spray bottle and spraying on a light coating. It also doesn't deny that Coca-Cola can be used as a cleaner on various household items, so proceed at your own risk. Use warm water to unclog drains. All you need to do is pop open a can of cola and pour it in with your laundry, along with the normal dose of detergent and run a wash cycle. [1], Lee Marek and "Marek's Kid Scientists" performed the Diet Coke and Mentos experiment on the Late Show with David Letterman in 1999. [22] The foaming is aided by the presence of food additives such as potassium benzoate, aspartame, sugars, and flavorings in Diet Coke,[20] all of which influence the degree to which water can foam. I love exploring new craft ideas. How to Create the Geyser. Weakened enamel may make teeth more susceptible to staining and make them more yellow and brittle over time.6, 7. How Often Should You Use Baking Soda Toothpaste? Coke contains dissolving agent in it i.e. By clicking Sign up, you agree to receive marketing emails from Insider 6 What makes the reaction between baking soda and vinegar? The same concept applies to stripping rust from metal tools, nuts, bolts and chrome. Your email address will not be published. Ask your child to coat two plain eggs with good amount of toothpaste evenly. 5. Many were impressed by the scale of the experiment and the YouTube video received over a million likes. And the chemical composition of eggs, bones, and teeth are same. The Journal of the American Dental Association, 2017. Vaz VTP, et al. 2023 CNET, a Red Ventures company. coca20200! Kathi Valeii is a freelance writer covering the intersections of health, parenting, and social justice. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2017.09.006, Myneni SR. Effect of baking soda in dentifrices on plaque removal. doi:10.1016/j.adaj.2017.09.007, Li Y. Stain removal and whitening by baking soda dentifrice: A review of literature. Experiment: Coca Cola and Baking Soda! If you have enough materials on hand, you can try different variations of the experiment like Rober did in his video or see how much foam you can produce by increasing the quantity of materials. A Diet Coke and Mentos eruption (also known as a soda geyser) is a reaction between the carbonated beverage Diet Coke and Mentos mints that causes the beverage to be expelled from its container. [10] When the pressure is released from a soda bottle upon opening it, dissolved carbon dioxide can escape into any tiny bubble located within the beverage. Does not contribute to root sensitivity. Just compare and see whether you also experienced the same. 43 views, 0 likes, 1 loves, 0 comments, 1 shares, Facebook Watch Videos from Seeds to STEAM: wow! Should You Brush Your Teeth After Using Whitening Strips? Mentos candies contain millions of cavities, roughly 1-3 m in size,[25][10] that remain unwetted when added to a soda. Unfortunately, some of our eating and drinking habits make it difficult for the enamel to protect our teeth from damage, and the egg and soda experiment demonstrates how our dietary choices can impact our bodies. Coke-Cola + Toothpaste + Secret Ingredient = Fly Toothpaste-Cola Cloud. Letting the cola sit for several hours will improve its effectiveness. [1][2] Lee Marek and "Marek's Kid Scientists" were the first to publicly demonstrate the experiment on the Late Show with David Letterman in 1999. Numerous studies have shown that baking soda is a mild abrasive that has the ability to remove stains from the outside of your teeth. You might also consider different types of soda and if dark sodas, like colas, might have different effects on teeth than clear sodas, like lemon-lime sodas. A Russian YouTuber created quite an explosion when he combined baking soda and 10,000 liters of Coca-Cola in a video that has been viewed more than six million times as of Monday evening.. TEXAS . This is primarily because homemade toothpastes don't contain, Turmeric is a completely natural product, which makes it a desirable alternative to less natural, over-the-counter teeth whiteners. But is it. Fascinating Physics . Fluoride is the natural mineral helps the outer layer of eggs and teeth become stronger naturally. All NewMouth content is medically reviewed and fact-checked by a licensed dentist or orthodontist to ensure the information is factual, current, and relevant. If you use dye, it can stain ceilings to the point where it's almost impossible to clean. Published 2019 Mar 4. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007868.pub3. Also make sure the eggs you picked up are in good condition that means there is no breakage or leakage of egg inside contents. Too much fluoride can be toxic, especially to children under 6 years old. If stored in a closed container, the mixture can explode. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Epple M, et al. However, it might be a perfect scrub for occasionally brightening your smile and whitening teeth. Experiment with Coca-Cola, toothpaste, and baking soda . However they did require a bit of polishing with a wash cloth. (2017). Mix equal parts baking soda, salt, and white vinegar in a bowl until a bubbly paste forms. Egg shell is the rich source of calcium carbonate whereas black coffee and coca-cola are acidic in nature. After pouring it down the drain, let it fizz and work its corrosive power for an hour or two before running hot water. If you are one among such parents whose warnings just remain as warnings which are not put into serious action by your child, here is the super-fun activity for you! The cons of baking soda toothpaste include: Medically Reviewed by Khushbu Gopalakrishnan, Home 9 Types of Dentists Best Baking Soda Toothpaste, The safest ways to whiten your teeth explained, Weve compared the top teeth whitening strips, We tried Candid aligners, heres our review. You can also ask your child if they think brushing after drinking some of the drinks that could hurt their teeth could reduce the risk of damage. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. You generally swallow 5% to 7% of the toothpaste you're brushing with. You also wouldn't want to touch the foam afterward, because there may be un-reacted peroxide in it. Generally, baking soda is not abrasive enough to harm teeth or cause dental damage when used regularly. Objective: To observe how eggshell is protected by tooth paste and learn how tooth reacts to acids and stain. However, people with sensitive teeth should gradually increase their use of baking soda toothpaste if they feel sensitivity. After the reaction concludes, you're left with a lot of soapy foam. [20] In some cases, dissolved solids that increase the surface tension of water (such as sugars) also increase fountain heights. Before the pair pulled off their successful attempt, YouTubers Mark Rober and ScienceBob did a version with yeast in Rober's backyard swimming pool that overflowed. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Heres a look at the benefits and limitations of using baking soda on your teeth, and how to use it safely to remove plaque and oral bacteria. ", "MythBusters: Diet Coke and Mentos MiniMyth", "Toying with the Diet Coke and Mentos experiment", "How Many Bubbles Are in the Foam Produced during the Candy-Cola Soda Geyser? Bubble nucleation and growth in carbonated beverages almost always occur by heterogeneous nucleation: diffusion of carbon dioxide into pre-existing bubbles within the beverage. It's made of sodium cation and a bicarbonate anion. For rusted hardware or tools, place them in a cup or bowl of Coke overnight. When you put them together you get mostly water and sodium acetate. If you can't tolerate plain baking soda mixed with water, plenty of commercial toothpaste options contain baking soda. We aim to show you accurate product information. Well, I found a study that concluded that prolonged exposure to soda can lead to significant tooth enamel loss (see here: Acids in Popular Sodas Erode Tooth Enamel ). These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Does the Mentos and Soda Trick Work With Regular Coke? Learn how whitening strips, Charcoal toothbrushes can whiten teeth, reduce bad breath, and remove bacteria better than most traditional toothbrushes, but theyre not dentist, Few studies advocate the use of homemade toothpaste over those available commercially. In some cases, using baking soda can cause microfractures and scratches in the tooth enamel. Power Vision 9.62M subscribers Join Subscribe 11K Share Save 1M views 3 years ago In this video I will show you 10 amazing experiments with. Find out about the pros and cons of using charcoal toothpaste to whiten your, Its safe to brush your teeth after applying whitening strips. (2018). [27][28] Thus, the geyser reaction will still work even using sugared drinks, but diet is commonly used both for the sake of a larger geyser as well as to avoid having to clean up the stickier residue left by a sugared soda. She has diverse experience writing about subjects in the dental and medical fields, with an emphasis on providing readers with clear-cut and fact-based information that is accessible and straightforward. ) The information provided on NewMouth.com should not be used in place of actual information provided by a dentist, doctor, or specialist. Keeping your teeth white while wearing braces can be challenging. Heres a list of the ADA-approved products for whitening your teeth at home. Remember to rinse the terminals with some warm water to get rid of any residual Coke. Home-based chemically-induced whitening (bleaching) of teeth in adults. "A Dental Health Activity With Eggshells and Soda." Pour some room-temperature Coca-Cola over a stain, let it soak overnight and soak it up the next day by blotting the . [20] It has also been demonstrated that addition of certain concentrations of alcohol (which lowers surface tension) to carbonated beverages decreases fountain heights. Baking soda is safe to use as everyday toothpaste. PROCESS: Go outside to an area where you have a lot of room. ThoughtCo. For this activity I used eggs and toothpaste to show her importance of brushing. Her goals are to help create original pieces that connect to your reader and drive reviews. I am completely fine but today in my school, one of my close friends was suffering from teeth pain and I observed her teeth were yellow tinted.. For example, it has been suggested that the higher viscosity of regular sodas as compared to diet sodas could inhibit the formation of the fountain in regular sodas, leading to shorter fountains. Good oral hygiene can prevent some discoloration, and there are a number of teeth. What happens if you mix baking soda with Coca Cola? Buy or Make an Enzyme Cleaning Agent. Coca cola, toothpaste and baking soda experiment (@chemistry_gyaan) However, because it doesnt contain fluoride, its not as effective at preventing cavities as your typical fluoride toothpaste. NewMouth is reader supported. If you let the reaction to continue for long hours, you can observe acids dissolving the egg shells gradually and completely. Step 3: Hold your finger over one end of the paper tube and have your child fill it up with Mentos mints. COCA202002565! We include products we think are useful for our readers. Osmosis is the process through which sudden drive of solvent particles happen from less concentrated solution to high concentrated solution. Time: The activity requires 24 hours to show stain on eggs. A critical review of modern concepts for teeth whitening. At these low levels, baking soda is safe to ingest. That means we are not coating these eggs with any other material. Since baking soda lacks fluoride, it's probably not the best choice for everyday toothpaste. On the other hand, the eggs coated with toothpaste, when dropped in the coke and black coffee, the fluoride in toothpaste build a protective layer between the eggshells and acidic solutions. Its cleansing properties make it ideal for keeping your mouth clean. {\displaystyle {\ce {H2O(l) + CO2(aq) <=> H2CO3(aq)}}}. Experiment to See How Much Sugar Is in a Soda, A Comprehensive History of Dentistry and Dental Care, Rubber Egg and Chicken Bones Experiments for Kids, Dental Hygiene Dialogue for English Learners, Task Analysis: The Foundation for Successfully Teaching Life Skills. Decreased bubble coalescence leads to smaller bubble sizes and greater foaming ability in the water. Yes, it would seem such an absurd and useless thing - but for me it means a lot," Mankhov says in the video. Dental Erosion and Severe Tooth Decay Related to Soft Drinks: a Case Report and Literature Review. How often should you brush your teeth with baking soda? Credits: likeandrew" This wonderful experiment using eggs and toothpaste helps parents and teachers to teach children how important is brushing teeth. Its there to protect the soft inside, or dentin, from damage. Effect of baking soda in dentifrices on plaque removal. To avoid this, cancel and sign in to YouTube on your computer. Baking soda is an inexpensive, readily available teeth cleanser. 2 These ready-made bubbles (which are nucleation sites) exist in things such as tiny fibers or non-wettable crevices on the sides of the bottle. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Instructions Stretch the balloon a bit first, this just makes it easier to inflate. The mild abrasiveness of baking soda makes it an ideal product for scrubbing away stains, and research supports its use as a teeth whitener. Yes, waiting for 24 hours is a long wait for children to see the results. 4 What happens if you mix baking soda and baking powder? Use Helping Hanger. Byte aligners are affordable, are they worth it? ( When baking soda is mixed with vinegar, something new is formed. The sugar in the soda will attract slugs and snails while the acid will kill them. Acute toxicity of ingested fluoride. ScienceBob put some cheap, easy-to-follow instructions on his website, and the experiment is kid-friendly as long as you follow some basic safety precautions. Top editors give you the stories you want delivered right to your inbox each weekday. If your children are too young to manage burners, then prepare black coffee and directly offer them to use in the activity. If a car has left an oil stain on your driveway or in your garage, some room-temperature Coca-Cola will do the trick. This makes the reaction bubble and expand, just like when you shake up a can of soda and open it! It is used because it can neutralize acids in the mouth and remove surface stains. It can also be a good alternative if you run out of toothpaste. The activation energy for the release of carbon dioxide from Diet Coke by the addition of Mentos is 25 kJ mol1. Science YouTubers are engaging in a bit of a "foam arms race" this week with gargantuan versions of the elephant toothpaste experiment. You can add more water to reach that consistency. Many masks worsen bad breath by trapping our breath. Studies have concluded the following about its safety as a dental cleaner: In addition, researchers evaluated baking soda's abrasiveness in commercial toothpastes and found that products containing baking soda are safe and low abrasive. As a variation, you might also want to boil a few extra eggs and add cups with clear soda, orange juice, and coffee for comparison. Healthline only shows you brands and products that we stand behind. We avoid using tertiary references. 2005-2023 Healthline Media a Red Ventures Company. DOI: Schemehorn BR, et al. 1 At these low levels, baking soda . ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6195894/, ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6517292/, researchgate.net/publication/49807515_Abrasion_polishing_and_stain_removal_characteristics_of_various_commercial_dentifrices_in_vitro, ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/toothpastes, Charcoal Toothpaste for Teeth Whitening: The Pros and Cons. Biofilms are colonies of bacteria that attach to the surface of your teeth and eventually cause problems like gingivitis and cavities. However, keep in mind that an at-home baking soda preparation lacks an essential ingredient for reducing cavitiesfluoride. Arm & Hammer Advance White Extreme Whitening is one of the best baking soda toothpaste on the market. Baking soda doesn't taste great and can feel like sand between your teeth. This is because the acid the coke reacts with calcium in the egg shell. You should swish the ingredients around in the container to create a mixture. For something a bit safer, you may want to stick to cleaning jewelry with aluminum foil instead. Morin, Amanda. But is it as safe and effective as regular toothpaste? Plaque is one example of a dental biofilm. When heated, it easily loses carbon dioxide and the carbon dioxide makes bubbles and this creates channels, which is what gives baked goods a fluffy and light texture. Microfractures and scratches weaken your tooth enamel's structure. In one review, researchers discovered fluoride toothpaste had a dose-dependent effect on preventing cavities. To fight even tougher stains, apply the cola directly to the stain and let it soak for up to 30 minutes before tossing it in a regular wash cycle. 8. Appropriate For Age Group: this fun science investigation is perfect for preschoolers, kindergarten, and elementary children. Step-4: Arrange the Glasses for Experiment. You should be mindful not to hold on to the container where the reaction is taking place unless you're wearing gloves or another covering that will shield you from heat. Complete review of Snow teeth whitening products. Let us jump into the simple instructions and follow the same while experimenting with eggs and toothpaste. Absolutely yes! Products containing hydrogen peroxide whiten your teeth by oxidizing yellow and brown stains on the surface of your teeth. The activation energy for bubble nucleation (formation of bubbles) depends on where the bubble forms. While baking soda toothpaste is effective, it can sometimes cause sensitivity. [25] These results suggest that additives serve to enhance geyser heights not by decreasing surface tension, but rather by decreasing bubble coalescence. The addition of the Mentos leads to the rapid nucleation of carbon dioxide gas bubbles, degassing the solution:[2][19][20][21][22], The conversion of dissolved carbon dioxide to gaseous carbon dioxide forms rapidly expanding gas bubbles in the soda, which pushes the beverage contents out of the container. Let the toothpaste dry for a few minutes and then rinse the surface clean with water and buff dry with a soft cloth. Use A Snake. https: . Use coca-cola, Pepsi. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Thanks to its effectiveness as a grease remover, you can also use cola to help remove baked-on grease from your pots and pans. Where Coca-Cola can help is with stomach blockage, according to researchers from the University of Athens. Next, boil enough water to cover all the items you're cleaning once they're in the bowl. The solution becomes supersaturated with carbon dioxide when the bottle is opened, and the pressure is released. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. These drinks also add a sweet, rich caramel taste to many types of meat. This is so simple and easy step where you have nothing to do or investigate! Just be sure to do it gently to avoid irritating your gums. Verywell Health's content is for informational and educational purposes only. J Am Dent Assoc. Since baking soda whitens teeth by scrubbing off stains, you should see whitening effects immediately after brushing. Experiment_ Mini Mentos VS Big Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Fanta, Chupa Chups and Popular Sodas in Underground The Burrow 3:22 Samsung phone still works after being submerged in Coca-Cola mixed with baking soda and Mentos Newsflare 10:00 Experiment_ Coca Cola VS Mentos _ Sprite VS Mentos MY EXPERIMENT 15:31 Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. [20][12][14][17] It has been claimed that gelatin and gum arabic in the Mentos candy enhance the fountain,[12][14][26] but experiments have shown that these candy additives do not affect the fountain. OK, technically, this one isn't cleaning with Coke. Baking soda dentifrices andoral health. Pre-existing bubbles provide a way for the reaction to occur without requiring bubbles to form within the liquid itself (homogeneous nucleation). ScienceBob's instructions call for 1/2 cup of hydrogen peroxide, and he recommends using a 16-ounce plastic soda bottle or water bottle to mix the solution at home. If the texture of natural baking soda doesnt bother you but the salty taste does, you could add 1 or 2 drops of peppermint oil to the baking soda paste to enhance the taste. Because leaking egg can damage the whole experiment results and looks messy too! Most of the carbon dioxide gas in the soda is in solution. calcium. View In Channel. Russian YouTuber pours 10,000 litres of Coca-Cola in baking soda, viral video gets over 7 million views . Fill your jar or bottle about one quarter full with lemon juice. 4, Another 2019 study found that brushing teeth with baking soda reduced cavity-causing harmful bacteria in the mouth.5. The sugary nature of Coke will attract microogranisms and the acidity will help break down organic matter, effectively giving your compost pile a nice boost. It is very high for bubbles that form in the liquid itself (homogeneous nucleation), and much lower if bubble growth occurs within tiny bubbles trapped in some other surface (heterogeneous nucleation). So, if you're on a budget and can't afford expensive teeth whitening procedures or products, baking soda makes a great low-cost alternative. That said, Coke has grease-busting abilities, too, thanks to the phosphoric acid in the drink. Pour a can or two of soda on the stain and let it sit for several hours (or overnight).
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